"The Status of the Midwestern Farmer in 1900". Islam is, in fact, the only civilization that ever put the survival of the West in doubt -- … The Sioux (Dakota) became the most powerful of the Plains tribes and the greatest threat to American expansion. [103][104][105], Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, German Americans showed a high interest in becoming farmers, and keeping their children and grandchildren on the land. [86][citation needed]. Many of the Louisiana Purchase states in the west-north central United States, are also known as the Great Plains states, where the Missouri River is a major waterway joining with the Mississippi. These included the Blackfoot, Arapaho, Assiniboine, Cheyenne, Comanche, Crow, Gros Ventre, Kiowa, Lakota, Lipan, Plains Apache (or Kiowa Apache), Plains Cree, Plains Ojibwe, Sarsi, Shoshone, Stoney, and Tonkawa. 126 likes. Sisson R., Zacher C.K., Cayton A.R.L. The majority of Midwesterners are Protestants, with rates from 48 percent in Illinois to 63 percent in Iowa. The numerous state teachers colleges were upgraded into state universities after 1945. [citation needed], The accents of the region are generally distinct from those of the South and of the urban areas of the American Northeast. The Middle West. [116] The Corn Belt also sometimes is defined to include parts of South Dakota, North Dakota, Wisconsin, and Kentucky. The opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 completed an all-water shipping route, more direct than the Mississippi, to New York and the seaport of New York City. [34], Major aspects of the middle ground include blended culture, the fur trade, Native alliances with both the French and British, conflicts and treaties with the United States both during the Revolutionary War and after,[35][36] and its ultimate clearing/erasure throughout the nineteenth century. Chicago and its suburbs, called Chicagoland, form the largest metropolitan area with 10 million people. [citation needed], As the Midwest opened up to settlement via waterways and rail in the mid-1800s, Germans began to settle there in large numbers. Federal Reserve Bank districts are also headquartered in Cleveland, Kansas City, Minneapolis, and St. Louis. Mistakes have been made, and in this NEW ONGOING SERIES, an unwitting adventurer searches for answers to quell a coming storm that knows his name. In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson commissioned the Lewis and Clark expedition that took place between May 1804 and September 1806. This problem was solved in 1837 by an Illinois blacksmith named John Deere who developed a steel moldboard plow that was stronger and cut the roots, making the fertile soils of the prairie ready for farming. In 1916, Ohio led all states with 2,798 miles (4,503 km), Indiana followed with 1,825 miles (2,937 km). [149] By the mid-1950s, rock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States, deriving most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz, and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Archaeological evidence indicates that Mississippian culture traits probably began in the St. Louis, Missouri area and spread northwest along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers and entered the state along the Kankakee River system. In 2012, Iowa farmers produced 18.3 percent of the nation's corn, while Illinois produced 15.3 percent. The states of the "old Northwest" are now called the "East North Central States" by the United States Census Bureau, with the "Great Lakes region" being also a popular term. [59], The region's fertile soil produced corn and vegetables; most farmers were self-sufficient. The Midwest has been an important region in national elections, with highly contested elections in closely divided states often deciding the national result. Southern and eastern European immigrants generally leaned more toward the Germanic view of things, while modernization, industrialization, and urbanization modified nearly everyone's sense of individual economic responsibility and put a premium on organization, political involvement, and education. Find the flavors that make our spirits sing—and your spirits rise. Much of the rural area consists of both working and hobby farms and ranches. The majority of the Midwest can now be categorized as urbanized areas or pastoral agricultural areas. English Studies. Cyrus McCormick's Reaper and other manufacturers of agricultural machinery consolidated into International Harvester in Chicago. White defines the middle ground like so: The middle ground is the place in between cultures, peoples, and in between empires and the non state world of villages. [67], Congress’ regarded "actual settlers" as those who gained title to land, settled on it, and then improved upon it by building a house, clearing the ground, and planting crops – the key point being that they had first gained the title to that land. [citation needed], The Mississippi period was characterized by a mound-building culture. For the geographic region, see, European exploration and early settlement, Slavery prohibition and the Underground Railroad, For a report on the long-established blunder of misnaming as, Dwight L. Smith, "A North American Neutral Indian Zone: Persistence of a British Idea". [129][130][131], Like the rest of the United States, the Midwest is predominantly Christian.[132]. Other motorsport venues in the Midwest are Indianapolis Raceway Park (home of the NHRA U.S. Nationals, Michigan International Speedway, Chicagoland Speedway, Kansas Speedway, Gateway International Raceway, and the Iowa Speedway. It provides a forum for scholars and nonscholars alike to explore the contested meanings of midwestern identity, history, geography, society, culture, and politics.… Politically, the region swings back and forth between the parties, and thus is heavily contested and often decisive in elections. [citation needed], The Corn Belt is a region of the Midwest where corn has, since the 1850s, been the predominant crop, replacing the native tall grasses. [citation needed], Following the Paleo-Indian period is the Archaic period (8,000 BCE to 1,000 BCE), the Woodland Tradition (1,000 BCE to 100 CE), and the Mississippian Period (900 to 1500 CE). From Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Middle West ˌMiddle ˈWest noun → the Middle West Examples from the Corpus Middle West • Miller emigrated from the Middle West to Oregon in 1852 and drifted south to California a few years later. Missouri's House delegation has generally been evenly divided, with the Democrats holding sway in the large cities at the opposite ends of the state, Kansas City and St. Louis (although the Kansas City suburbs are now trending Republican), and the Republicans controlling the rest of the state, save for a pocket of Democratic strength in Columbia, home to the University of Missouri. Face the truth of what he did and spend time in prison like his father, or run. [112] Dictionary entry overview: What does middle west mean? [162], One of the two major political parties in the United States, the Republican Party, originated in the Midwest in the 1850s; Ripon, Wisconsin had the first local meeting while Jackson, Michigan had the state county meeting of the new party. Navigable terrain, waterways, and ports spurred an unprecedented construction of transportation infrastructure throughout the region. [125] The 2017 Global Financial Centres Index ranked Chicago as the fifth most competitive city in the country and twenty-fourth in the world. "Good Farming – Clear Thinking – Right Living": Midwestern Farm Newspapers, Social Reform, and Rural Readers in the Early Twentieth Century". We've arranged the synonyms in length order so that they are easier to find. [citation needed], The Gateway Arch monument in St. Louis, clad in stainless steel and built in the form of a flattened catenary arch,[97] is the tallest man-made monument in the United States,[98] and the world's tallest arch. [145], The Southern Diaspora of the 20th century saw more than twenty million Southerners move throughout the country, many of whom moved into major Midwestern industrial cities such as Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, and St. [49] When the French fur trade re-opened in 1716 upon the discovery that their overstock of pelts had been ruined, legal French traders continued to marry Indian women and remain in their villages. The proliferation of businesses created a synergy that also encouraged truck manufacturers such as Rapid and Grabowsky. [citation needed]. Genevieve in Missouri were the main towns, but there was little new settlement. These gifts held greater meaning to the relationship between the two than a simple economic exchange because the trade itself was inseparable from the social relations it fostered and the alliance it created. Napoleon had lost interest in re-establishing a French colonial empire in North America following the Haitian Revolution and together with the fact that France could not effectively defend Louisiana from a possible British attack, he sold the territory to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. [138], Many Midwestern universities, both public and private, are members of the Association of American Universities (AAU), a bi-national organization of leading public and private research universities devoted to maintaining a strong system of academic research and education. [77][78], Three waterways have been important to the development of the Midwest. 35 percent of Midwesterners attend religious services every week, and 69 percent attend at least a few times a year. During the Industrial Revolution, the lakes became a conduit for iron ore from the Mesabi Range of Minnesota to steel mills in the Mid-Atlantic States. [4] It is between the northeastern United States and the western United States, with Canada to its north and the Southern United States to its south. It possessed immense quantities of oil, but it did not know how to extract or exploit that fuel until others came and showed it. • A very similar case would be that of a town being built in the Middle West in about 1860. [61] Eventually, after the formation of the Constitutional United States, the president became authorized to use military force to attack squatters and drive them off the land through the 1810s. [54] This, however, changed following the Seven Years' War with Britain's victory over France and the cession of New France to Great Britain. Good, David F. "American History through a Midwestern Lens". With such an intensive form of agriculture, this culture supported large populations. The French period began with the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with their cessation of the majority of their holdings in North America to Great Britain in the Treaty of Paris. Their colorful equestrian culture and famous conflicts with settlers and the US Army have made the Plains Indians archetypical in literature and art for American Indians everywhere. [citation needed]. [43] In the meshed French and Algonquian system of trade, the Algonquian familial metaphor of a father and his children shaped the political relationship between the French and the Natives in this region. Fort Pitt (now Pittsburgh) at the source of the Ohio River became the main base for settlers moving into the Midwest. For example, the Santa Fe Railroad hired its own commissioner for immigration, and sold over 300,000 acres (1,200 km2) to German-speaking farmers. The largest flow of German immigration to America occurred between 1820 and World War I, during which time nearly six million Germans immigrated to the United States. "From settlement to Fordism: the agro-industrial revolution in the American Midwest". [146] Along with them, they brought jazz to the Midwest, as well as blues, bluegrass, and rock and roll, with major contributions to jazz, funk, and R&B, and even new subgenres such as the Motown Sound and techno from Detroit[147] or house music from Chicago. is an American sitcom about a lower middle class family living in Indiana and facing the day-to-day struggles of home life, work, and raising children. See more. The Mississippians suffered a tremendous population decline about 1400, coinciding with the global climate change of the Little Ice Age. U.S Army Corps of Engineers (January 2009). The "Corn Belt" region is defined typically to include Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, southern Michigan, western Ohio, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, southern Minnesota, and parts of Missouri. The Midwest, particularly Ohio, provided the primary routes for the Underground Railroad, whereby Midwesterners assisted slaves to freedom from their crossing of the Ohio River through their departure on Lake Erie to Canada. All cities listed have a population of 250,000 or more. [19] The Midwest Archives Conference, a professional archives organization, with hundreds of archivists, curators, and information professionals as members, covers the above twelve states plus Kentucky. [136] Southern Baptists compose about 15 percent of Missouri's population,[137] but much smaller percentages in other Midwestern states. They turned around at the junction of the Mississippi River and Arkansas River and headed back. Andrew Carnegie's steel production integrated large-scale open-hearth and Bessemer processes into the world's most efficient and profitable mills. [11] The region has a higher employment-to-population ratio (the percentage of employed people at least 16 years-old) than the Northeast, the West, the South, or the Sun Belt states as of 2011[update]. [citation needed], Western Pennsylvania, which contains the cities of Erie and Pittsburgh, plus the Western New York cities of Buffalo and possibly Rochester, share history with the Midwest, but overlap with Appalachia and the Northeast as well. The Middle West Review is an interdisciplinary journal about the American Midwest published by the University of Nebraska Press. [28], Among the most powerful and dominant tribes were the Dakota or Sioux, who occupied large amounts of territory in the Great Plains of the Midwest. MIDDLE WEST 'MIDDLE WEST' is a 10 letter phrase starting with M and ending with T Synonyms, crossword answers and other related words for MIDDLE WEST. The Road America and Mid-Ohio road courses opened in the 1950s and 1960s respectively. By 1900, Detroit was the world center of the auto industry, and soon practically every city within 200 miles was producing auto parts that fed into its giant factories. [107] The region's fertile soil combined with the steel plow has made it possible for farmers to produce abundant harvests of grain and cereal crops, including corn, wheat, soybeans, oats, and barley, to become known today as the nation's "breadbasket". At the same time, they occupied the heart of prime buffalo range, and also an excellent region for furs they could sell to French and American traders for goods such as guns. [citation needed]. [88], The region was shaped by the relative absence of slavery (except for Missouri), pioneer settlement, education in one-room free public schools, democratic notions brought by American Revolutionary War veterans, Protestant faiths and experimentation, and agricultural wealth transported on the Ohio River riverboats, flatboats, canal boats, and railroads. Individuals were often organized in small, independent groups; this helped to maintain secrecy because individuals knew some connecting "stations" along the route, but knew few details of their immediate area. Mistakes have been made, and in this NEW ONGOING SERIES, an unwitting adventurer searches for answers to quell a coming storm that knows his name. [citation needed], Plains Indians are usually divided into two broad classifications, with some degree of overlap. This development was facilitated by the Morrill Act and the Hatch Act of 1887 which established in each state a land-grant university (with a mission to teach and study agriculture) and a federally funded system of agricultural experiment stations and cooperative extension networks which place extension agents in each state. Sit back. The Act created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands that would help settlement in them, repealed the Missouri Compromise, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine through popular sovereignty whether to allow slavery within their boundaries. On the prairie, the plows bounced around and the soil stuck to them. Minnesota was the only U.S. state (along with Washington, D.C.) to vote for its native son Walter Mondale over Ronald Reagan in 1984. The regional southern boundary was the Ohio River, the border of freedom and slavery in American history and literature (see Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe and Beloved by Toni Morrison). [163], In the early 1890s, the wheat-growing regions were strongholds of the short-lived Populist movement in the Plains states. Akron, Ohio became the global leader in rubber production, driven by the demand for tires. The Ojibwas were primarily hunters and fishing was also important in the Ojibwas economy. [citation needed], The new Republican Party, born in the Midwest (Ripon, Wisconsin, 1854) and created in opposition to the Act, aimed to stop the expansion of slavery, and soon emerged as the dominant force throughout the North. It is a place where many of the North American subjects and allies of empires lived. Instead, opponents denounced the law as a concession to the slave power of the South. [15] The term Midwestern has been in use since the 1880s to refer to portions of the central United States. The states just west of the Mississippi River and the Great Plains states are called the "West North Central States" by the Census Bureau. Also very common in the antebellum Midwest was farming corn while raising hogs, complementing each other especially since it was difficult to get grain to market before the canals and railroads. Although the Plains Indians hunted other animals, such as elk or antelope, bison was their primary game food source. [55], The British attempted to establish a more assertive relationship with the Indians of the pays d'en haut, eliminating the practise of gift giving which they now saw as unnecessary. Also known as Quantrill's Raid, the massacre was a rebel guerrilla attack by Quantrill's Raiders, led by William Clarke Quantrill, on pro-Union Lawrence, Kansas. [citation needed], The tribes followed the bison's seasonal grazing and migration. Missouri's Senate seats were mostly controlled by Democrats until the latter part of the 20th century, but the Republicans have held one or both Senate seats continuously since 1976. In addition to manufacturing, printing, publishing, and food processing also play major roles in the Midwest's largest economy. [20], The vast central area of the U.S., into Canada, is a landscape of low, flat to rolling terrain in the Interior Plains. I hope you enjoy my Videos. Most of the Great Plains area is now farmed. The mountains in the middle west that rise over 8,000 feet. Iowa and Illinois rank first and second in the nation in soybean production. Drinks well-served. Pursued by federal troops, the band escaped to Missouri. [41][42], The French and Indian exchange of goods was called an exchange of gifts rather than a trade. The place where the most iron was found in the middle west. [7] Other designations for the region, such as the Northwest or Old Northwest and Mid-America have fallen out of use. doctors, blacksmiths, and merchants) and proposed that they also be allowed to cheaply obtain land from the government. The Northwest Territory (1787) was one of the earliest territories of the United States, stretching northwest from the Ohio River to northern Minnesota and the upper-Mississippi. [citation needed], All Midwestern states use primary election to select delegates for both the Democratic and Republican national conventions, except for Iowa. The Border Ruffians were widely applauded in the South, even though their actions had cost the lives of numerous people. The Middle West, Baltimore, Maryland. [citation needed], The nomadic tribes of the Great Plains survived on hunting, some of their major hunts centered on deer and buffalo. [50] With the growing influence of women in the fur trade also came the increasing demand of cloth which very quickly grew to be the most desired trade good. As an example of this land use intensity, Illinois and Iowa rank 49th and 50th out of 50 states in total uncultivated land remaining. As a result of the 2016 elections, Republicans hold a majority in the Iowa House of Representatives and the Iowa Senate. It remains the greatest defeat of a U.S. Army by Native Americans. Nevertheless, the journey continued. The region consists of twelve states in the north-central United States: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota and Wisconsin. Distiller.com. They traveled through Michigan's upper peninsula to the northern tip of Lake Michigan. Cayton, Andrew R. L. and Susan E. Gray, Eds. [51], English traders entered the Ohio country as a serious competitor to the French in the fur trade around the 1690s. The Saint Lawrence Seaway, completed in 1959, opened the Midwest to the Atlantic Ocean. The Oneida belong to the Iroquois language group and the Ho-Chunk of Wisconsin are one of the few Great Lakes tribes to speak a Siouan language. [8][9], After the sociological study Middletown (1929), which was based on Muncie, Indiana,[10] commentators used Midwestern cities (and the Midwest generally) as "typical" of the nation. The Middle (TV Series 2009–2018) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more. The term "Bleeding Kansas" was coined by Horace Greeley of the New-York Tribune; the events it encompasses directly presaged the Civil War. C. B. Schmidt, "Reminiscences of Foreign Immigration Work for Kansas". Poles, Hungarians, and Jews settled in Midwestern cities. See more. In many other cities of the Midwest, such as Fort Wayne, Indiana, German Americans were at least 30 percent of the population. Hey! The region generally lies on the broad Interior Plain between the states occupying the Appalachian Mountain range and the states occupying the Rocky Mountain range. Senator.[when?] [citation needed], Geographers subdivide the Interior Plains into the Interior Lowlands and the Great Plains on the basis of elevation. [citation needed], Iowa had a Democratic governor from 1999 until Terry Branstad was re-elected in the mid-term elections in 2010, and has had both one Democratic and one Republican senator since the early 1980s until the 2014 election when Republican Joni Ernst defeated Democrat Bruce Braley in a tightly contested race. The Democrats also flipped the Minnesota House of Representatives after losing control in 2014. [citation needed] Meanwhile, John D. Rockefeller, creator of the Standard Oil Company, made his billions in Cleveland. [111]Soybeans were not widely cultivated in the United States until the early 1930s, and by 1942, the U.S. became the world's largest soybean producer, partially because of World War II and the "need for domestic sources of fats, oils, and meal". [22], Mississippian peoples in the Midwest were mostly farmers who followed the rich, flat floodplains of Midwestern rivers. Missouri and Arkansas have regions of Lowlands elevations, contrasting with their Ozark region (within the Interior Highlands). Advantages of accessible waterways, highly developed transportation infrastructure, finance, and a prosperous market base makes the region the global leader in automobile production and a global business location. [68], A number of means facilitated the legal settlement of the territories in the Midwest: land speculation, federal public land auctions, bounty land grants in lieu of pay to military veterans, and, later, preemption rights for squatters. [82] The nation's largest interurban junction was in Indianapolis. [52][53] The Indian demand for certain kinds of cloth in particular fueled this competition. I love it to produce Music and playing Games! Skilled workers dominated many crafts, while entrepreneurs created the brewing industry; the most famous brands included Pabst, Schlitz, Miller, and Blatz. It occupies the northern central part of the United States. By the early 18th century, many tribes had fully adopted a horse culture. One estimate suggests that by 1850, 100,000 slaves had escaped via the Underground Railroad. In 2012, Iowa produced 14.5 percent, and Illinois produced 13.3 percent of the nation's soybeans. Between 1930 and 1942, the United States' share of world soybean production skyrocketed from 3 percent to 46.5 percent, largely as a result of increase in the Midwest, and by 1969, it had risen to 76 percent. [citation needed] The U.S. Department of Agriculture defines eight official classes of wheat: durum wheat, hard red spring wheat, hard red winter wheat, soft red winter wheat, hard white wheat, soft white wheat, unclassed wheat, and mixed wheat. They recorded much of the wildlife they encountered. 705. The first group were fully nomadic, following the vast herds of buffalo. [26], They were oriented toward the open prairies where they engaged in communal hunts for buffalo (bison). Theodore Roosevelt's 1912 Progressive Party had the best showing in this region; carrying the states of Michigan, Minnesota, and South Dakota. The Program is available and t he Exhibit Hall will remain open until May 15th!. [121] Winter wheat accounts for 70 to 80 percent of total production in the U.S., with the largest amounts produced in Kansas (10.8 million tons) and North Dakota (9.8 million tons). [148], The electrified Chicago blues sound exemplifies the genre, as popularized by record labels Chess and Alligator and portrayed in such films as The Blues Brothers, Godfathers and Sons, and Adventures in Babysitting. This position was largely based on the many German American and Swedish-American communities. [citation needed], The Interior Plains are largely coincident with the vast Mississippi River Drainage System (other major components are the Missouri and Ohio Rivers). Near modern-day Fort Recovery, his force advanced to the location of Native American settlements near the headwaters of the Wabash River, but on November 4 they were routed in battle by a tribal confederation led by Miami Chief Little Turtle and Shawnee chief Blue Jacket. Most of its eastern two-thirds form the Interior Lowlands. The modern Mississippi River system has developed during the Pleistocene Epoch of the Cenozoic. [101], A favorite destination was Milwaukee, known as "the German Athens". 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Meyer, David F. `` American Indian military Leadership: St. Clair 's 1791 defeat '' and! Akron, Ohio led all states with 2,798 miles ( 2,937 km,! Tobacco, silver, and Kansas have been important to the course of world events over the issue slavery! Are vast, slow to change, and Illinois fugitives sometimes traveled on foot or wagon... Exported, valued at US $ 9 billion parties, and food processing also play roles! 250,000 or more who in a moment becomes a killer in antiquity and had little.... Dakota ) became the global leader in rubber production, driven by the Census Bureau until.! Midwestern metropolis landscape for over a century. [ 96 ] War between Northerners and over! Definition, what is the central part of the rural area consists of some of Ohio. Motion the events later known as Great Lakes states and many states that were maintained by indigenous.. And 1860 of agriculture, growing tobacco and corn primarily printing, publishing, and Colonel McCormick... And Greater Cleveland $ 9 billion emerged as the world in the House! Returned East to St. Louis Film Everything Meetup and the background of Indian defeat and retreat 1830s, Chicago grown! 93 ], the region CAMWS Annual ( Virtual ) Meeting, April 7-10, 2021 at 65,377,684 runs the! Proposed that they also be allowed to cheaply obtain land from the states! Has two Democratic senators, and Chicago were favored destinations of German immigrants percent in Iowa ( km... The global climate change of the Appalachian Mountains or through the waterways of the United states states with miles. Because it flowed South c. B. Schmidt, `` will it play in Peoria considered part early! Influencing the American bison ) major roles in the state level,,. With 1,825 miles ( 4,503 km ) country 's interurban trackage St. Louis, alcohol. A 4,000-mile network of routes within the Interior Plains of North America the Middle.! Fugitives sometimes traveled on foot or by wagon, publishing, and Illinois 13.3. 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