Pope Pius XII often reconsidered previously accepted truth, thus he was first to determine that the use of pain medicine in terminally ill patients is justified, even if this may shorten the life of the patient, as long as life shortening is not the objective itself. Pius XII slowly eroded the Italian monopoly on the Roman Curia; he employed German and Dutch Jesuit advisors, Robert Leiber, Augustin Bea, and Sebastian Tromp. Orientales Ecclesias was issued in 1952 and addressed to the Eastern Churches, protesting the continued Stalinist persecution of the Church. As a young boy and in later life, Pacelli was an ardent follower of the Virgin Mary. [17], Monsignor Pietro Gasparri, the recently appointed undersecretary at the Department of Extraordinary Affairs, had underscored his proposal to Pacelli to work in the "Vatican's equivalent of the Foreign office" by highlighting the "necessity of defending the Church from the onslaughts of secularism and liberalism throughout Europe". Fahlbusch, Erwin (ed.). [236] On 7 April 1943, Msgr. Father Peter Gumpel, the relator of the Pius XII's cause for canonization, claims that there are already several miracles attributable to Pius XII, including "one quite extraordinary one". Pacelli became the under-secretary in 1911, adjunct-secretary in 1912 (a position he received under Pope Pius X and retained under Pope Benedict XV), and secretary of the Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs in February 1914. With the Apostolic constitution Sedis Sapientiae, Pius XII added social sciences, sociology, psychology and social psychology, to the pastoral training of future priests. The Vatican archives would provide an “immense amount of fresh material from many millions of pages” [346], Bishops consecrated by Pope Pius XII as principal consecrator, Born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, 2 March 1876 – 9 October 1958, Cardinal Secretary of State and Camerlengo, Mariology and the dogma of the Assumption, World consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary, International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission, Gerard Noel, Pius XII:The Hound of Hitler, p. 5, Paul O'Shea, A Cross Too Heavy, 2011, p. 79. (trans.) Those intelligence materials were used by Pius XII on 11 March 1940 during a formal audience with Joachim von Ribbentrop (Hitler's foreign affairs adviser) when Pope was "listing the date, place, and precise details of each crime" as described by Joseph L. Lichten[168] after others. [174], On 26 September 1943, following the German occupation of northern Italy, Nazi officials gave Jewish leaders in Rome 36 hours to produce 50 kilograms (110 lb) of gold (or the equivalent) threatening to take 300 hostages. [158] The letter also decried the deaths of noncombatants. Although Pope Pius XII was a reserved and measured man, a diplomat, and a man of prudence and prayer, it is a big mistake to paint him as passive, or to smother him with the cloak of silent anti-Semitism. [125], Pope Pius XII developed an extensive theology of the family, taking issue with family roles, sharing of household duties, education of children, conflict resolution, financial dilemmas, psychological problems, illness, taking care of older generations, unemployment, marital holiness and virtue, common prayer, religious discussions and more. 1983. "[227], On 18 September 1942, Pius XII received a letter from Monsignor Montini (future Pope Paul VI), saying "the massacres of the Jews reach frightening proportions and forms". Everybody knew what the pope meant". In 1886 too he was sent to the private school of Professor Giuseppe Marchi, close to the Piazza Venezia. [312], In specific riposte to Cornwell's criticism, American Rabbi and historian David Dalin published The Myth of Hitler's Pope: How Pope Pius XII Rescued Jews from the Nazis in 2005. Yet, Maglione did not exercise the influence of his predecessor Pacelli, who as Pope continued his close relation with Monsignors Montini (later Pope Paul VI) and Domenico Tardini. [262] de Gasperi rejected the idea as politically dangerous to the long term fortunes of a centrist Catholic party. [261] The Communists and Socialists seemed headed for victory and Pius XII wanted Catholic Action, an organization of Catholic laity, to mobilise the Catholic vote against parties of the Left. Pius XII chose not to name new cardinals during World War II, and the number of cardinals shrank to 38, with Dennis Joseph Dougherty of Philadelphia being the only living U.S. cardinal. When they opened the window in the evening, he looked out at the stars and said quietly "Look, how beautiful, how great is our Lord”. At 3.52 a.m. on 9 October, he gave a smile, lowered his head and died. [154], Pius XII reiterated Church teaching on the "principle of equality"—with specific reference to Jews: "there is neither Gentile nor Jew, circumcision nor uncircumcision". Lichten labelled any criticism of the pope's actions during World War II as "a stupefying paradox" and said, "no one who reads the record of Pius XII's actions on behalf of Jews can subscribe to Hochhuth's accusation". Robert Graham each concluded such claims were an intentional creation of the Political Warfare Executive. Taylor asked if the Vatican might have any information which might "tend to confirm the reports", and if so, what the Pope might be able to do to influence public opinion against the "barbarities". 505–11. He was so keen to stay on as Pope, forever, that he took courses of rejuvenation injections dispensed by a Swiss doctor called Paul Niehans: they were from sections of the prefontal brains of sheep and monkeys. It remains the most important of Pacelli's concordats. [201][202] However, in 2007, subsequent to those accounts, Dan Kurzman published a work which he maintains establishes that the plot was a fact. The family worshipped at Chiesa Nuova. By his example, Pius XII would show the world in that Marian Year just what he meant. [178] During the meeting, Ribbentrop suggested an overall settlement between the Vatican and the Reich government in exchange for Pius XII instructing the German bishops to refrain from political criticism of the German government, but no agreement was reached. [116], This theological investigative freedom does not, however, extend to all aspects of theology. Relevant documents have also been released by the Argentine government and the British Foreign Office. In a review of the book, another Jewish scholar—Churchill biographer, Martin Gilbert—wrote that Dalin's work was "an essential contribution to our understanding of the reality of Pope Pius XII's support for Jews at their time of greatest danger. [119] To date this is the last time full papal infallibility has been used. [231] Pius XII directly explained to Tittman that he could not name the Nazis without at the same time mentioning the Bolsheviks. During World War II Pius saw his primary obligation as being to ensure the continuation of the "Church visible" and its divine mission. Along with other internal disorders, it weakened him even more. He took a firm stand against pastoral experiments, such as "worker-priests", who worked full-time in factories and joined political parties and unions. © 2019 TIME USA, LLC. Otto Ohlendorf). Pope Pius XII was almost universally, regarded as a saintly man, a scholar, a man of peace, a tower of strength, and a compassionate defender and protector of all victims of the war and genocide that had drenched Europe in blood. As Jews were taken away from the ghetto that sat right alongside St Peter's, he may have agonised, but he did not intervene. [159], Cardinal Secretary of State Luigi Maglione received a request from Chief Rabbi of Palestine Isaac Herzog in the spring of 1940 to intercede on behalf of Lithuanian Jews about to be deported to Germany. [313] Dalin's book also argued that Cornwell and others were liberal Catholics and ex-Catholics who "exploit the tragedy of the Jewish people during the Holocaust to foster their own political agenda of forcing changes on the Catholic Church today" and that Pius XII was responsible for saving the lives of many thousands of Jews. Oct 5: The New York Times reports that Pope Pius XII still has recurring hiccups. [220] Valerio Valeri, the nuncio to France, was "embarrassed" when he learned of this publicly from Pétain[221] and personally checked the information with Cardinal Secretary of State Maglione[222] who confirmed the Vatican's position. [254], Later scholarship from released Vatican records revealed that Pius XII was personally but secretly involved in hiding the Finaly children from their Jewish family in an ultimately failed attempt to keep them Catholic after their secret baptism done against the wishes of their family. [94][95] After World War II, Pius XII appointed more non-Italians than any Pope before him. Both had urged Pius to speak up against the Holocaust and so drew their own conclusions about him. saying Mass, and working until near 2 in the morning. [316] Other important works challenging the negative characterization of Pius's legacy were written by Eamon Duffy, Clifford Longley, Cardinal Winning, Michael Burleigh, Paul Johnson, and Denis Mack Smith. [128], In 1950, Pius XII promulgated Humani generis, which acknowledged that evolution might accurately describe the biological origins of the human form, but at the same time criticized those who "imprudently and indiscreetly hold that evolution ... explains the origin of all things". [159] Pius never publicly condemned the Nazi massacre of 1,800,000–1,900,000 Poles, overwhelmingly Catholic (including 2,935 members of the Catholic clergy). The New York Times wrote that "The voice of Pius XII is a lonely voice in the silence and darkness enveloping Europe this Christmas. [247] The pope ordered Rotta and other papal legates to hide and shelter Jews. [268] However, whatever chance the new embalming process had of efficaciously preserving the body was obliterated by intense heat in Castel Gandolfo during the embalming process. [93] Tardini continued to be a close co-worker of the Pope until the death of Pius XII, while Montini became archbishop of Milan, after the death of Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster. This was matched with the discovery of Pacelli's anti-Nazi report, written the following year for President Roosevelt and filed with Ambassador Joseph Kennedy, which declared that the Church regarded compromise with the Third Reich as 'out of the question'. Several historians have interpreted the conclave to choose his successor as facing a choice between a diplomatic or a spiritual candidate, and they view Pacelli's diplomatic experience, especially with Germany, as one of the deciding factors in his election on 2 March 1939, his 63rd birthday, after only one day of deliberation and three ballots. Peter Stanford, a Catholic journalist and writer, wrote, regarding Fatal Silence: the pope, the resistance and the German occupation of Rome (written by Robert Katz; .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}ISBN 0-297-84661-2; Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003): [The Vatican] still refuses to open all its files from the period—which seems to me to be a conclusive admission of guilt—but Katz has winkled various papers out of God's business address on earth to add to the stash of new information he has uncovered in America in the archives of the Office of Strategic Services. Pro-Secretary of the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, Cardinal-Priest of Santi Giovanni e Paolo, [euˈdʒɛːnjo maˈriːa dʒuˈzɛppe dʒoˈvanni paˈtʃɛlli], Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, The Church experienced severe persecution, Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, extensive visit to the United States in 1936. To say nothing of the substantial sums which we spent in American money for the fares of immigrants. From this we learn that, although Pius's defenders still say that he paid a golden ransom in a vain effort to save Rome's Jews from transportation to the death camps, the most he did was indicate a willingness to chip in if the Jews could not raise the sum demanded. In 1944, a number of papal documents were burned or "walled in",[136] to avoid detection by the advancing German army. During the drafting of the letter, the Second World War commenced with the German/Soviet invasion of Catholic Poland—the "dread tempest of war is already raging despite all Our efforts to avert it". [23] In 1911, he represented the Holy See at the coronation of King George V.[20] On 8 September 1953, the encyclical Fulgens corona announced a Marian year for 1954, the centennial of the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception. In 1905 he received the title domestic prelate. [297] Books such as Joseph Lichten's A Question of Judgment (1963), written in response to The Deputy, defended Pius XII's actions during the war. Almagia had been at the University of Rome since 1915 but was dismissed after Benito Mussolini's antisemitic legislation of 1938. Lindeijer explained that this was the reason that the cause has stalled in the past as none have come forward to assist the postulation in their investigations. Goñi, afterword to the revised 2003 edition, pp. [219] Similarly, when Philippe Pétain's regime adopted the "Jewish statutes", the Vichy ambassador to the Vatican, Léon Bérard (a French politician), was told that the legislation did not conflict with Catholic teachings. He was overworked beyond limit. Pius XII stated that the war against communism was a holy war and excommunicated members of the Communist Party. 1993, "Pope Pius XII and the Second World War". [213][214], Following the German/Soviet invasion of Poland, the Pope's first encyclical, Summi Pontificatus reiterated Catholic teaching against racial persecution and rejected antisemitism, quoting scripture singling out the "principle of equality"—with specific reference to Jews: "there is neither Gentile nor Jew, circumcision nor uncircumcision" and direct affirmation of the Jewish Revelation on Sinai. In calling for a 'real new order' based on 'liberty, justice and love', ... the pope put himself squarely against Hitlerism. [282], Reports from 2014 indicate a potential miracle from the United States attributed to the intercession of the late pope that was reported to the postulation. (Gerald Steinacher:Nazis on the Run, p. 105). Pacelli, quoted in Scholder's, Gutman, Israel, Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, p. 1136, On 28 January 1939, eleven days before the death of Pius XI, a disappointed Gundlach informed LaFarge, the encyclical's author, "It cannot go on like this". (eds.). Insisting that all publications must be reviewed by him on a prior basis to avoid any misunderstanding, several speeches by Pius XII, who did not find sufficient time, were never published or appeared only once issued in the Vatican daily, Osservatore Romano. In July 1949 he approved a controversial move by the Holy Office to threaten with excommunication anyone with known Communist affiliations. [306] Five years after the publication of Hitler's Pope, Cornwell stated: "I would now argue, in the light of the debates and evidence following Hitler's Pope, that Pius XII had so little scope of action that it is impossible to judge the motives for his silence during the war, while Rome was under the heel of Mussolini and later occupied by Germany". Letter of Pius XII of 30 April 1943 to the Bischop of Berlin, Graf von Preysing, published in "Documentation catholique" of 2 February 1964. In May 2007, the congregation recommended that Pius XII should be declared Venerable. [218], In 1941, Cardinal Theodor Innitzer of Vienna informed Pius of Jewish deportations in Vienna. Pacelli was summoned back to Rome at this time—the call coming by telegram when he was resting at his favourite retreat, the Rorschach convent sanatorium. McGoldrick (2012) concludes that during the war: Pius XII had genuine affection for Germany, though not the criminal element into whose hands it had fallen; he feared Bolshevism, an ideology dedicated to the annihilation of the church of which he was head, but his sympathies lay with the Allies and the democracies, especially the United States, into whose war economy he had transferred and invested the Vatican's considerable assets. [290], After Pius XII's death on 9 October 1958 many Jewish organisations and newspapers around the world paid tribute to his legacy. "The Life & Pontificate of Pope Pius XII. [137][138][139][140][141][142][143], Pius XII made two substantial interventions on the media. [187] Pius XII would elevate Aloysius Stepinac—a Croatian archbishop convicted of collaborating with the Ustaše by the newly established Yugoslav Communist regime—to the cardinalate in 1953. You must be referring to Pius XII (born Eugenio Pacelli). [248] These protests, along with others from the King of Sweden, the International Red Cross, the United States, and Britain led to the cessation of deportations on 8 July 1944. [311][315] Ecclesiastical historian William Doino (author of The Pius War: Responses to the Critics of Pius XII), concluded that Pius was "emphatically not silent". Nevertheless, "every opportunity is being taken by the Holy See, however, to mitigate the suffering of these unfortunate people". [127] Regarding their relation, his advisor Professor Robert Leiber wrote: "Pius XII was very careful not to close any doors prematurely. He was concerned too about the potential spread of Communism in Western Europe and the Americas. [110], Pius XII wrote in Menti Nostrae that the call to constant interior reform and Christian heroism means to be above average, to be a living example of Christian virtue. I replied "Yes Holy Father, I thank you for everything you have done for me, but even more, what you have not done for me". [69], As nuncio during the 1920s, he had made unsuccessful attempts to obtain German agreement for such a treaty, and between 1930 and 1933 he attempted to initiate negotiations with representatives of successive German governments, but the opposition of Protestant and Socialist parties, the instability of national governments and the care of the individual states to guard their autonomy thwarted this aim. The Pope was informed about Nazi atrocities committed in Poland by both officials of the Polish Church and the Polish Underground. His grandfather, Marcantonio Pacelli, had been Under-Secretary in the Papal Ministry of Finances[7] and then Secretary of the Interior under Pope Pius IX from 1851 to 1870 and helped found the Vatican's newspaper, L'Osservatore Romano in 1861. The depiction is described as lacking "credible substantiation" by the Encyclopædia Britannica. For the first time, numerous young Europeans, Asians and "Americans were trained in various congregations and secretariats within the Vatican for eventual service throughout the world". (2005). Similar motives explain statements made in the immediate postwar period by Golda Meir and Moshe Sharett, foreign ministers of the new state of Israel. [62] He did use parts of it in his inaugural encyclical Summi Pontificatus, which he titled "On the Unity of Human Society". [333], In The Real Odessa. Pope Pius XII did what he could to calmly deal with the situation of the Holocaust and he did attempt to resist it, but an active role in resistance was impossible for him and the Vatican in general. [170] American correspondence spoke of "parallel endeavours for peace and the alleviation of suffering". It would be a much bigger tragedy, if Cardinal Pacelli dies, because there is only one. 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