Central, Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. In order to consolidate its rule, constitutional changes, the Young Plan, were proposed in response to the trend of decolonization so as to meet the needs of the people. Hong Kong then became a British crown colony. Ho and two others were then asked by the PRC to submit new proposals. [1], The Qing dynasty ceded Hong Kong to the British Empire in 1842 through the treaty of Nanjing, ending the First Opium War. Article 23 became a controversy, and led to marches in different parts of Hong Kong with as many as 750,000 people out of a population of approximately 6,800,000 at the time. ", "What you need to know about Hong Kong's controversial new national security law", "Report on the Date of the Wong Tei Tung Archaeological Assemblage", 2005 Field Archaeology on Sham Chung Site, "Hong Kong Museum of History: Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb", "Last emperor: is Shenzhen the resting place of final Song ruler? The Golden Needle: The Biography of Frederick Stewart (1836-1889). [citation needed], On 1 July 1997 (23 years ago) (1997-07-01), the lease ended, and the United Kingdom transferred control of Hong Kong and surrounding territories to the People's Republic of China. During the Jin dynasty until the early Tang dynasty, Hong Kong was governed by Bao'an County. China's cultural revolution put Hong Kong on a new political stage. According to the ordinance, a flag may not be used in advertisements or trademarks,[15] and that "publicly and wilfully burning, mutilating, scrawling on, defiling or trampling" the flag is considered flag desecration. The British, Canadians, Indians and the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Forces resisted the Japanese invasion commanded by Sakai Takashi which started on 8 December 1941, eight hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The resulting meeting led to the signing of Sino-British Joint Declaration and the proposal of the One country, two systems concept by Deng Xiaoping. When the flags are displayed inside a building, the left and right sides of a person looking at the flags, and with his or her back toward the wall, are used as reference points for the left and right sides of a flag. Occupy Central with Love and Peace (OCLP; 讓愛與和平佔領中環 or 和平佔中) was a single-purpose Hong Kong civil disobedience campaign convened by Reverend Chu Yiu-ming, Dr Benny Tai Yiu-ting, and Chan Kin-man on 27 March 2013. At least 49 passengers on a flight from New Delhi to Hong Kong have tested positive for coronavirus, authorities said, as the financial hub introduced an emergency ban on all flights from India as it battles a new wave of cases. The flag features a British Blue Ensign with the coat of arms of Hong Kong (1959–1997). North Point was known as "Little Shanghai" (小上海), since in the minds of many, it had already become the replacement for the surrendered Shanghai in China. The flag of the Regional Council represented the governmental body which oversaw matters related to the outlying areas of the territory during the colonial period. At the same time, the warnings of the 1997 handover raised emigration statistics to historic highs. Hong Kong, however, serves as a warning for what is next. Upstaged by the Hong Kong Federation of Students (HKFS) and Scholarism in September 2014, its leaders joined in the Occupy Central protests. The population of Hong Kong had shrunk to 600,000; less than half of the pre-war population of 1.6 million due to scarcity of food and emigration. The government also dealt with the SARS outbreak in 2003. In 1984, the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher signed the Sino-British Joint Declaration, which incited a wave of emigration from Hong Kong. High life expectancy, literacy, per-capita income and other socio-economic measures attest to Hong Kong's achievements over the last four decades of the 20th century. The use of the flag has created concerns from Chinese authorities and request from Leung to stop flying the flag. As a military outpost and trading port, Hong Kong's territory gained the attention of the world. Sun led the Chinese Revolution of 1911, which changed China from an empire to a republic. ISBN Volume One 0-19-592723-0, sfn error: no target: CITEREFCarroll2007 (. Conditions in public housing were very basic with several families sharing communal cooking facilities. SWHK. Bomb disposal experts from the police and the British military defused as many as 8,000 home-made bombs. [8] Moreover, the red colour is identical to that used in the national PRC flag,[9] chosen to signify the link re-established between post-colonial Hong Kong and Mainland China. From this time, people's homes became part of Hong Kong's skyline and scenery. The financial world was also rattled by panics, leading to waves of policy changes and Black Saturday. In the 1950s, the tomb at Lei Cheng Uk from the Eastern Han dynasty (25–220 AD) was excavated and archaeologists began to investigate the possibility that salt production flourished in Hong Kong around 2000 years ago, although conclusive evidence has not been found. ", Martyrs, Mystery and Memory Behind the Colonial Shift, Dr Howard M Scott "Images of Hong Kong - Journal", Historical and statistical abstract of the colony of Hongkong (1907), Opening of the Hong Kong International Airport, Director of Immigration v. Chong Fung Yuen, Anti-Hong Kong Express Rail Link movement, HKU pro-vice-chancellor selection controversy, Opening of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge, NPC decision on national security legislation, claimed by the People's Republic of China, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hong_Kong&oldid=1022964027, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2019, All Wikipedia articles written in Hong Kong English, Articles needing additional references from August 2019, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Vague or ambiguous time from September 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Ucanews.com reported he was among nine activists in court April 16 who earlier were found guilty of charges relating to pro-democracy demonstrations in the Chinese territory. [11], The Hong Kong flag is flown daily from the chief executive's official residence, the Government House, the Hong Kong International Airport, and at all border crossings and points of entry into Hong Kong. The flag may not be raised in severe weather conditions. The territory that now comprises Hong Kong was loosely part of China during the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC), and the area was part of the ancient kingdom of Nam Viet (203–111 BC). However, her proposal of the Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019 has led to mass demonstrations against its implementation. Hong Kong remains an individual member of various international organizations, such as the. The communist revolution in China in 1949 led to another population boom in Hong Kong. In the 1950s, Hong Kong transformed from a territory of entrepôt trade to one of industry and manufacturing. China developed a strong demand for silver, which was a difficult commodity for the British to come by in large quantities. In November 2020 the National People's Congress authorised the dismissal of any Legco members who are perceived to ask for help from foreign countries and who "refuse to recognise China’s sovereignty over Hong Kong". [26], In 1870, a "white crown over HK" badge for the Blue Ensign flag was proposed by the Colonial Secretary. The slaughter put Hong Kong at the centre of global attention. [14], Whenever the PRC national flag is flown together with the regional Hong Kong flag, the national flag must be flown at the centre, above the regional flag, or otherwise in a more prominent position than that of the regional flag. Political news dominated the media, while real estate took a major upswing. Sizes deviating from this list are considered non-standard. The deal also guaranteed the continued protection of a range of human rights in Hong Kong. The British and the Indians retreated from the Gin Drinker's Line and consequently from Kowloon under heavy aerial bombardment and artillery barrage. Before the adoption of the flag, the Chairman of the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee explained the significance of the flag's design to the National People's Congress: The regional flag carries a design of five bauhinia petals, each with a star in the middle, on a red background. Tai Po Hoi, the sea of Tai Po, was a major pearl hunting harbour in China from the Han dynasty through to the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), with activities peaking during the Southern Han (917–971). Away from Taiwan, the Hong Kong Democracy Council, an organisation set up in the United States which has supported the lobbying of politicians there on the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act, called the implementation rules “alarming but certainly something many expected would come”. Starting out as a farming fishing village and salt production site, it became an important free port and eventually a major international financial centre.. Most of the repatriated had come to Hong Kong just a few years earlier to flee the terror of the Second Sino-Japanese War in mainland China. Hong Kong's Cinema enjoyed one paramount run that put it on the international map. And every individual voice deserves its place in Hong Kong." The pro-democratic bloc criticised it as not democratic enough. Fierce fighting continued on Hong Kong Island; the only reservoir was lost. [4] The design of the flag is enshrined in Hong Kong's Basic Law, the territory's constitutional document,[5] and regulations regarding the use, prohibition of use, desecration, and manufacture of the flag are stated in the Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance. Each of the flower's petals bears a five-pointed red star with a red trace, suggestive of a flower stamen. Thousands of refugees emigrated from mainland China to Hong Kong, and made it an important entrepôt until the United Nations ordered a trade embargo on mainland China due to the Korean War. The design was based on a local waterfront scene; three local merchants with their commercial goods are shown on the foreground, a square-rigged ship and a junk occupy the middle ground, while the background consists of conical hills and clouds. British lease of Kowloon and the New Territories, Modern Hong Kong under British rule (1950s–1997), Modern Hong Kong after the handover (1997–present), R. Derek Wood, "The Treaty of Nanking: Form and the foreign office, 1842–43. During the occupation, the Japanese military government used the flag of Japan in its official works in Hong Kong.[28]. The Undergraduate Studies Forms site is maintained by the Office of the Registrar. After the Second Opium War (1898, Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory) the British negotiated a lease of the "New Territories" in which the British would receive newer outlying islands for 99 years. All statues of British monarchs like Queen Victoria and King George remain. Old Hong Kong – Volume Three. [1][2] The current design was approved on 10 August 1996 at the Fourth Plenum of the Preparatory Committee of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Hong Kong offers both Sinovac and Germany's Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines and residents can choose. [2] Britain also won the Second Opium War, forcing the Qing Empire to cede Kowloon in 1860, while leasing the New Territories for 99 years from 1898.[3][4]. *CMYK equivalents based on official downloadable files from Hong Kong's Protocol website (see 2nd external link). [31][32] In the 1850s large numbers of Chinese would emigrate from China to Hong Kong due to the Taiping Rebellion. Governor Alexander Grantham responded with a "multi-storey buildings" plan as a standard. People had to rely on salt, pearl and fishery trades to produce income. On the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress established the Hong Kong National Security Law which came into effect on 1 July 2020. Central, Hong Kong: Text Form Asia books Ltd. p. 12. This design was used officially from 1959 until Hong Kong's transfer of sovereignty in 1997. The flag of the Urban Council represented the governmental body which was responsible for matters pertaining to the urban areas of the territory during the colonial period. [12] At major government offices and buildings, such as the Office of the Chief Executive, the Executive Council, the Court of Final Appeal, the High Court, the Legislative Council, and the Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices overseas, the flag is displayed during days when these offices are working. A sculpture of the plant has been erected in Golden Bauhinia Square in Hong Kong. [1997] (1997). [12] Citizens expressed displeasure at their electoral system, culminating in the 2014 Hong Kong protests. During a government meeting, held in 1911, it was suggested that the name of the colony appear on the flag in both Latin and Chinese scripts. [12], The first conviction of flag desecration occurred in 1999. The island became a Crown Colony of the British Empire.[36]. By the late 19th century China grew most of the opium it used. The 1970s saw the extension of government subsidised education from six years to nine years and the setup of Hong Kong's country parks system. [8] The five stars of the Chinese national flag are replicated on the petals of the flower. [3] The precise use of the flag is regulated by laws passed by the 58th executive meeting of the State Council held in Beijing. Hong Kong SAR passport holders have easier access to countries in Europe and North America, while mainland citizens do not. The Hong Kong 818 incident, inhibited by the visit of Li Keqiang, caused controversy regarding civil rights violations. Events like the 1967 riot filled the streets with home-made bombs and chaos. It was hoisted together with the national PRC flag, while the Chinese national anthem, "March of the Volunteers", was played. [43], On 19 December 1984, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang signed the Sino-British Joint Declaration, in which Britain agreed to return not only the New Territories but also Kowloon and Hong Kong itself when the lease term expired. The flag itself features the "Azure Dragon" on a plain yellow field with the red flaming pearl of the three-legged crow in the upper left corner.[24]. The Third Pandemic of Bubonic Plague attacked Hong Kong in the 1894 Hong Kong plague. Hong Kong was a British colony until 1997, when sovereignty of the territory was returned to China. The number of impoverished Hongkongers hit a record high in 2016 with one in five people living below the poverty line. It took Hong Kong many years, with all the efforts and agreements from many countries around the world, to make Hong Kong a financial centre. During the Ming dynasty, Hong Kong was administered by Xin'an County. During the Qing dynasty, Hong Kong remained under the governance of Xin'an County, before it was colonised by the British. "[31] Some designs were rejected because they contained copyrighted materials, for example, the emblem of Urban Council, Hong Kong Arts Festival and Hong Kong Tourism Board. Japan occupied Hong Kong from 1941 to 1945 during the Second World War. The flag of Hong Kong flying beside the national PRC flag, The Hong Kong flag and the national PRC flag flown side by side at the patio of the former Legislative Council Building, The Hong Kong flag must be lowered to half-staff as a token of mourning when any of the following people die:[14], The flag may also be flown at half-staff when the Central People's Government advises the Chief Executive to do so, or when the Chief Executive considers it appropriate to do so, on occurrences of unfortunate events causing especially serious casualties, or when serious natural calamities have caused heavy casualties. [citation needed], During the second half of the 19th century, the British became increasingly weary of the Chinese controlled islands surrounding their newly bought port. Other features of the period included water shortages, long working hours coupled with extremely low wages. Other events such as floods, typhoons and famine in mainland China would also play a role in establishing Hong Kong as a place to escape the mayhem. [First published 1987] (republished & reduced 2003). Notes: Details on how to submit and pay any associated fees are included on the form's web page. Most of these refugees were Chinese Song dynasty loyalists fleeing the Mongol conquest of Song China. If you have any technical questions about the forms below, contact the Communications team. He recalled that some of the designs had been rather funny and with political twists: "One had a hammer and sickle on one side and a dollar sign on the other. Skills and capital brought by refugees of Mainland China, especially from Shanghai, along with a vast pool of cheap labour helped revive the economy. The four students were known by the Qing as the Four Bandits. Wiltshire, Trea. The anti-Hong Kong Express Rail Link movement protested at the proposed Hong Kong section of the Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link; the link was nevertheless completed in 2018. By the end of the war in 1945, Hong Kong had been liberated by joint British and Chinese troops. [7], In 2019, in conjunction with the anti-extradition bill protests, a variation of the flag, in which the flower appears on a black background and, in some versions, with wilted and blood-stained petals, emerged as a symbol of rebellion and protest. The Hong Kong flag was revised in the same year to feature the coat of arms in the Blue Ensign flag. In early 2013, protestors went to the streets flying the old colonial flag demanding more democracy and resignation of Chief Executive Leung Chun Ying. The number 96 represents the year 1996, the year before the handover of Hong Kong. [44] Philip Snow, a prominent historian of the period, said that the Japanese cut rations for civilians to conserve food for soldiers, usually to starvation levels and deported many to famine- and disease-ridden areas of the mainland. Within a short time, the political climate heated up and the Chief Executive position was challenged culturally, politically and managerially. Despite being established in 1644, the Qing Empire had no official flags until 1862. The petals are uniformly spread around the centre point of the flag, radiating outward and pointing in a clockwise direction. [9], This table lists all the official sizes for the flag. A sizeable portion of the population that was previously against the handover found itself living with the adjustments. [citation needed]. The regional flag must be smaller in size than the national flag, and it must be displayed to the left of the national flag. Flag of the Governor of Hong Kong, 1910–1955, Flag of the Governor of Hong Kong, 1955–1959, Flag of the Governor of Hong Kong, 1959–1997. The political and institutional system made only minimal changes due to the political instability in Mainland China at that time (aforementioned) which caused an influx of mainland residents to Hong Kong. [1997](1997). Road names reflecting Britain's 156 years of control of the territory remain. By the early 19th century, the British Empire trade was heavily dependent upon the importation of tea, silk, and porcelain from China. The pro-Beijing bloc welcomed the Basic Law, calling it the most democratic legal system to ever exist in the PRC. The Neolithic Era began approximately 7,000 years ago in Hong Kong. About Us . In 1843, a seal representing Hong Kong was instituted. The background of the rectangular flag is red, the same shade of red as that used for the national PRC flag. The period, called '3 years and 8 months' halted the economy. The early industrial centres, where many of the workers spent the majority of their days, turned out anything that could be produced with small space from buttons, artificial flowers, umbrellas, textile, enamelware, footwear to plastics. While Hong Kong started out with a low GDP, it used the textile industry as the foundation to boost the economy. Its original design was unveiled on 4 April 1990 at the Third Session of the Seventh National People's Congress. [17] The stone tools found in Sai Kung were perhaps from a stone tool making ground from perhaps the Late Neolithic Period or Early Bronze Age. The September 2019 climate strikes, also known as the Global Week for Future, were a series of international strikes and protests to demand action be taken to address climate change, which took place from 20–27 September.The strikes' key dates were 20 September, which was three days before the United Nations Climate Summit, and 27 September. They probably might have avoided the instabilities at the north and went south. Nonetheless the crisis in mainland China in the 1920s and 1930s left Hong Kong vulnerable to a strategic invasion from Imperial Japan. The music world also saw a new group of cantopop stars like Anita Mui and Leslie Cheung. If flags are not produced in design according to the ordinance, the Secretary for Justice may petition the District Court for an injunction to prohibit the person or company from manufacturing the flags. The ratio of its length to breadth is 3:2. "[59][60] By amending the Annex I and Annex II of the Basic Law of Hong Kong, the composition of the Legislative Council (LegCo) and the Election Committee (EC). [45], The manufacturing industry opened a new decade employing large sections of the population. The Chinese name of Bauhinia × blakeana is most commonly rendered as "洋紫荊", but is often shortened to 紫荊/紫荆 in official uses since "洋" (yáng) means "foreign" in Chinese, notwithstanding 紫荊/紫荆 refers to another genus called Cercis. [33][34] While the British exported to China luxury items like clocks, watches, there remained an overwhelming imbalance in trade. [11] The planned implementation of Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23 caused great controversy and a massive demonstration on 1 July 2003, causing the bill to be shelved. Bickley, Gillian. Canadian Winnipeg Grenadiers fought at the crucial Wong Nai Chong Gap, which was the passage between the north and the secluded southern parts of the island. [30] Six designs were chosen as finalists by the judges, but were all later rejected by the PRC. Lim, Patricia. Along with fellow students Yeung Hok-ling, Chan Siu-bak and Yau Lit, Sun Yat-sen started to promote the thought of overthrowing the Qing empire while he studied in the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese. In 1982, the British Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, hoped that the increasing openness of the PRC government and the economic reform in the mainland would allow the continuation of British rule. Higher income also led to the introduction of the first high-rise, private housing estates with Taikoo Shing. In 1876, the "local scene" badge (Chinese: 阿群帶路圖 Picture of "Ar Kwan" Guiding the British soldier) was re-adopted to the Blue Ensign flag with the Admiralty's approval.[25]. During the three and half years of occupation by the Japanese, an estimated 10,000 Hong Kong civilians were executed, while many others were tortured, raped, or mutilated. During the Second World War, Hong Kong was seized and occupied by the Empire of Japan from 1941 to 1945. US judge dismisses NRA bankruptcy petition in blow to gun group. More refugees came during the Great Leap Forward. "The Hong Kong Policy of the People's Republic of China, 1949-1997. This page was last edited on 3 May 2021, at 06:33. Citizens in Communist China can apply for a visa to Hong Kong only from the PRC Government. [17][18] The ordinances also allow for the Chief Executive to make stipulations regarding the use of the flag. After multiple pro-Democracy members of Legco resigned, the Government of the United Kingdom stated that the PRC was not upholding the Sino-British treaty. On 10 May 1278, Child Zhao Bing, the last Song Dynasty emperor, was enthroned at Mui Wo on Lantau Island; this event is commemorated by the Sung Wong Toi memorial in Kowloon. The flag of Hong Kong, officially the regional flag of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, depicts a white stylised five-petal Hong Kong orchid tree (Bauhinia blakeana) flower in the centre of a Chinese red field. ", This page was last edited on 13 May 2021, at 14:38. On 4 April 1990, the Hong Kong Basic Law was officially accepted as the mini-constitution of the Hong Kong SAR after the handover. The tourism industry began to formalise. If a circle circumscribes the flower, it should have a diameter 0.6 times the entire height of the flag. Before the British government colonised the New Territories and New Kowloon in 1898, Punti, Hakka, Tanka and Hokkien people had migrated to and stayed in Hong Kong for many years. The Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance stipulates that the Hong Kong flag must be manufactured according to specifications laid out in the ordinance. The bill would make it legal for China to extradite criminals from Hong Kong, potentially including political prisoners. Hong Kong Eases Quarantine for Inoculated Travelers (Bloomberg) — Hong Kong will ease quarantine requirements for fully vaccinated inbound travelers and vaccinated residents who are close contacts of people infected with Covid-19, loosening one of the world’s strictest policies amid efforts to encourage inoculation. Came with exports to China colony of Hong Kong transformed from a of... Tall Nina Tower located in West point was founded by the College was the earliest settlement with direct in. Transformed since 1960 months in the general election earlier that year representing Kong... The Gin Drinker hong kong petition Line and consequently from Kowloon under heavy aerial and! Many foreign firms relocated their offices from Shanghai to Hong Kong has continued to enjoy success as a financial.. The bill would make it legal for China to extradite criminals from Hong.. 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